Bitcoin,替代应用和利润的动机

在此之前，我谈的关键因素，使得Bitcoin这样一个稳定的系统-它是一套规则，是没有任何偏离盈利的基础。每个人都有一个激励发挥公平，拒绝作弊企图。然而，有另一种概念，取得了成功Bitcoin，因为它是：利润的动机的想法很简单：所有的分布式计算网络，以前无论是慷慨或默认设置的依赖，使他们能跟上。Freenet的，例如，依赖于人愿意捐赠的免费存储空间，以功能，和Tor依赖于运行人出口节点。然而，所有这些项目只有Tor的看到任何显著的成功，甚至是相当晦涩 。根本没有足够的兴趣，为Freenet的发展和命中的临界质量的需要，成为广大市民所使用的，所以它仍然含糊不清，无法扩大，超出了用户的需要，以避免审查小组。它已在中国使用，但在英国媒体几乎是闻所未闻的 。Freenet的市民可能有大量的实用工具，如果它成长的主流-想象的可能性，将提供充分的分散和分布式网络托管。Bitcoin，但是，已经吸引了大量的主流关注和对所有可用Bitcoins的价值已发展成为数十数百万美元的短短几个月内。有什么区别？利润的动机。Bitcoin网络依赖于保持自己的矿工，但矿工们没有采矿出于善意;他们正在做它，因为它赚他们的钱 。因此，Bitcoin网络目前的重量在148 petaflops的，更强大的20倍，比得多Folding @ home项目和近100倍，超过了任何强大的单一的超级计算机网站，在这个星球上。只有通过融入Bitcoin挖掘任务的利润，我们有这么多的专用GPU和FPGA系统的建设为保持尽可能高效的Bitcoin网络的目的的专业矿工。Bitcoin例如，我们如何创造一个稳定的分散的网络为任何目的：维护它的任务内置有利润动机。

因此，一个内置的利润动机的想法其实比第一似乎更灵活 。一个替代已经存在的应用程序是Namecoin，分散的域名系统，采用一个bitcoin样的货币制度，以限制的供应，以避免垃圾邮件发送者的域名。关键的洞察力，让Namecoin和其他许多潜在的应用来，我们可以把任何我们希望的交易。Namecoin将在特殊硬币的名称/值对存 ​​储注册的域名 。的DNS是只有一个应用程序，它也可以存储个人或企业的意见，即型材。一个信誉系统，而不是集中分散blockchain 网站的信任，我们现在已经 。创建完全分散的电子邮件也可以，非常方便- Bitcoin协议的性质，将使每封邮件收件人公钥加密自动-但有当然限制：承载整个文件，歌曲和视频的blockchain 显然是不切实际的可笑，一个完全不同的方法，这种应用是必要的，因为只有几台电脑需要别人的文件存储的文件可以访问 。因此，偏离Bitcoin和创造一种特殊用途的的替代货币并不总是最好的选择- Bitcoin的优势之一，因为它已经是微交易，这本身就可以用来引入到日常的分布式计算的利润动机。

首先，让我们考虑一个分散的真正基于云的想法Dropbox的，像服务 。Wuala中创造了类似的东西：一个系统，人们可以在那里，而不是购买空间，得到免费让Wuala中使用他们的计算机作为服务器，为其他用户。结合系统，人们可以以这种方式获得免费帐户和租金在公开市场上未使用的磁盘空间，以赚取利润，完成周期，创建一个分布式的云文件存储系统，最终可能采取了几乎所有的互联网连接的硬盘驱动器在地球上，所有的利润动机的到来。如果事实证明，有比人们需要更多的空间，空间将投入使用人口的一部分人，这是值得它将存储他们的文件多次与先进的冗余算法 ，如实施， 充分分散的在线文件存储云系统塔霍LAFS。然而，一个弱点依然存在：Wuala的是集中的。但还有什么能够阻止一个分散的市场为基础的系统的出现为同样的目的 。

一个简单的算法，将创建独立的一对合同，文件所在的主机供应商的主机文件，从费每小时数字货币在交换文件的所有者和系统OpenTransactions可能的解决方案的一部分。OpenTransactions打算建立一个软件库，通过它，将有可能运行在数字令牌，将集中交流的服务，但有即时交易验证必要的改进和没有交易费用（也增加了一位不愿透露姓名的盲签名，我描述）;这些货币发行和竞争的bitcoin储备银行的支持 。在展望业务使用上市，它变得清晰，与OpenTransactions任何互联网服务可以很容易地以盈利为目的-运行Tor节点，运行服务器和运行一个网状网络节点（基本上是一个小型ISP，销售只有部分一个数据包将前往其目的地，所以每一个数据包将支付几十个这样的节点或以上）的路线，可以成为可能。取而代之的是少数经营此类服务的企业，可标准化的服务类型，使每一台计算机可以运行一个竞争的服务器或没有特殊配置的节点的业务，和客户可以从一个供应商切换到另一个（或从一个百在平行百年商）供应商一样毫不费力 。

不同的是Bitcoin矿业市场，这是由专门的硬件，是成千上万倍的执行专门的工作比标准CPU的计算哈希主宰，存储文件，并通过互联网发送和接收的东西一样的任务是什么标准的电脑设计，挤占市场的普通用户的电力成本问题，在许多情况下甚至不出现，或者找到一个合理的平衡（如10岁的消费类笔记本电脑打开他们的硬盘驱动器将不值得的，但打开3岁的笔记本电脑将）。这是真正的力量在分布式计算的利润动机：它有可能创造最佳效率的市场，防止不必要的浪费，并把每一个字节的硬盘空间，每焦耳的电力和每一个无线天线使用的第二个最好的使用可能在系统没有单点故障。与公共密钥加密的所有顶级，我​​们得到匿名的虚拟主机，电子邮件和文件存储作为奖金。

以上GOOGLE翻译英文原文如下:

Previously, I talked about the key factor that makes Bitcoin such a stable system - it is based on a set of rules that is not profitable for anyone to deviate from. Everyone has an incentive to play fair and to reject attempts at cheating. However, there is another concept that has made Bitcoin as successful as it is: the profit motive.

The idea is simple: all distributed computing networks previously have relied on either generosity or default settings to keep them up. Freenet, for example, relies on people being willing to donate storage space for free in order to function, and Tor relies on people running exit nodes. However, of all these projects only Tor has seen any significant success, and even it is fairly obscure. There is simply not enough interest for Freenet to develop and hit the critical mass needed to become used by the general public, so it remains obscure and unable to expand beyond the small group of users that need it to avoid censorship. It has seen use in China but in the English media it is virtually unheard of. Freenet could potentially have massive utility for the public if it would grow mainstream - imagine the possibilities that fully decentralized and distributed web hosting would offer. Bitcoin, however, has attracted massive mainstream attention and the value of all the Bitcoins available has grown into the tens of millions of dollars all within the span of a few months. What is the difference? The profit motive. The Bitcoin network relies on miners to keep itself up, but the miners are not mining out of goodwill; they're doing it because it earns them money. As a result, the Bitcoin network currently weighs in at 148 petaflops, 20 times more powerful than the much more established Folding@home and almost 100 times more powerful than any single supercomputing site on the planet. It is only by integrating profit into the task of Bitcoin mining that we have so many dedicated professional miners building GPU and FPGA systems specifically for the purpose of maintaining the Bitcoin network as efficiently as possible. With the example of Bitcoin, we have shown how to create a stable decentralized network for any purpose: have a profit motive built into the task of maintaining it.

Thus, the idea of a built-in profit motive is in fact far more versatile than it first seems. The one alternative application that already exists is Namecoin, a decentralized domain name system that uses a bitcoin-like currency system to limit the supply of domain names to avoid spammers. The key insight that allows Namecoin and potentially many other applications to come is that we can put anything we want into transactions. Namecoin puts in name/value pairs on special coins to store registered domain names. A DNS is only one application; it would also possible to store profiles of individuals or businesses and comments on them, ie. a reputation system on a decentralized blockchain rather than the centralized web of trust we have now. Creating fully decentralized email is also possible, and very convenient - the nature of the Bitcoin protocol would allow every message to be public key encrypted to the recipient automatically - but there are of course limits: hosting entire documents, songs and videos on the blockchain is obviously ridiculously impractical, and for such applications a completely different approach is necessary as only a few computers need to store someone's files for the files to be accessible. Thus, straying from Bitcoin and creating a special-purpose alternative currency is not always the best option - one of the strengths of Bitcoin as it already is is microtransactions, and this can itself be used to introduce the profit motive into everyday distributed computing.

First, let us consider the idea of a decentralized truly cloud-based Dropbox-like service. Wuala has created something similar: a system where people can, instead of buying space, get it for free by allowing Wuala to use their computer as a server for other users. Combining this with a system where people can get free accounts in this way and rent them out on the open market to earn a profit from unused disk space would complete the cycle, creating a distributed cloud file storage system that might eventually take up nearly every internet-connected hard drive on the planet, all thanks to the advent of a profit motive. If it turns out that there is more space than people need, the space will still be put to use as that portion of the population for whom it is worth it will store their files multiple times or with advanced redundancy algorithms, such as those implemented by the online fully decentralized file storage cloud systemTahoe-LAFS. However, one weakness would still remain: Wuala is centralized. But there is nothing stopping a decentralized market-based system from appearing to serve the same purpose.

A simple algorithm would be to create the system out of independent one-on-one contracts, where the file hoster hosts the file from the file owner in exchange for a fee per hour in digital currency, and OpenTransactions may be part of the solution. OpenTransactions intends to create a software library through which it would be possible to run services in exchange for digital tokens which would be centralized but have the necessary improvements of instant transaction verification and no transaction fees (and also increased anonymity with blind signatures, which I described here); these currencies could be issued and backed by competing banks holding a reserve of bitcoin. Looking at the business uses listed, it becomes clear that with OpenTransactions any internet service can be easily done for profit - running a Tor node, running a server and running a mesh network node (essentially a mini-ISP that sells access to only part of the route that a packet would use to travel to its destination, so each packet would pay for dozens or more of such nodes) can become possible. Instead of a small number of businesses operating such services, the types of service can be standardized so that every computer can be running a competing server or node business with no special configuration, and customers can switch from one provider to another (or from one hundred providers in parallel to another hundred providers) just as effortlessly.

Unlike the Bitcoin mining market, which is dominated by specialized hardware that is thousands of times better at performing the specialized task of computing hashes than standard CPUs, tasks like storing files and sending and receiving things over the internet are what standard computers are designed for, so the issue of electricity cost crowding casual users out of the market will in many cases not even arise, or find a reasonable equilibrium (eg. turning on 10 year old consumer laptops for their hard drives will not be worth it, but turning on 3 year old laptops will be). This is the true power of the profit motive in distributed computing: it could potentially create an optimally efficient market that prevents needless waste and puts every byte of hard drive space, every joule of electricity and every second of wireless antenna usage to the best use possible in a system with no single point of failure. And on top of all that with public key cryptography we get anonymous web hosting, email and file storage as a bonus.